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Richard S. Lazarus (March 3, 1922 – November 24, 2002〔(12.04.2002 - Richard Lazarus, UC Berkeley psychology faculty member and influential researcher, dies at 80 )〕) was a psychologist who began rising to prominence in the 1960s, when behaviorists like B. F. Skinner held sway over psychology and explanations for human behavior were often pared down to rudimentary motives like reward and punishment. A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Lazarus as the 80th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Lazarus was a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley who was named by ''American Psychologist'' as one of the most influential psychologists. He was a pioneer in the study of emotion and stress, especially their relation to cognition. He was well renowned for his theory of cognitive-mediational theory within emotion. Lazarus was an unabashed promoter of the importance of emotion, especially what he described as the marriage between emotion and thought. His views put him at odds not only with behaviorism but also with a movement that began toward the end of his career: attempts to explain all human behavior by looking at the structure of the brain. He was very opposed to reductionist approaches to understanding human behavior. At the heart of Lazarus's theory was what he called appraisal. Before emotion occurs, he argued, people make an automatic, often unconscious, assessment of what is happening and what it may mean for them or those they care about. From that perspective, emotion becomes not just rational but a necessary component of survival. Lazarus worked on topics such as hope and gratitude. He was perhaps best known for his work on coping, gaining attention for studies that showed that patients who engaged in denial about the seriousness of their situation did better than those who were more "realistic." He also found that stress often had less to do with a person's actual situation than with how the person perceived the strength of his own resources.〔()〕 He wrote 13 books, five after he retired in 1991. One book, ''Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions,'' was written with his wife of 57 years, Bernice Lazarus. They had two children, son, David, and a daughter, Nancy. ==Emotion definition== Lazarus (1991) defines emotions according to 'core relational themes' which are intuitive summaries of the 'moral appraisals' (e.g. of relevance, goal conduciveness) involved in different emotions. These themes help define both the function and eliciting conditions of the emotion. They include: *Anger - a demeaning offense against me and mine. *Fear - facing an immediate, concrete, and overwhelming physical danger. *Sadness - having experienced an irrevocable loss. *Disgust - taking in or being too close to an indigestible object or idea (metaphorically speaking). *Happiness - making reasonable progress toward the realization of a goal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Richard Lazarus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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